Party Leadership Group of the National Development and Reform Commission of the CPC 中共国家发展和改革委员会党组 - Qiushi 《求是》 12.15.2025

Translated by Gemini, Edited by Sinocism.com

https://www.qstheory.cn/20251215/764fd02615fd424183066a0ae13d2c1f/c.html

Vigorously implementing the strategy of expanding domestic demand is a scientific judgment and major strategic deployment made by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on the laws of China's economic operation and changes in the domestic and international environment, coordinating the present and the long term, the domestic and the international, and development and security. We must deeply study and comprehend the requirements of this deployment, firmly implement the strategy of expanding domestic demand, adhere to the leading role of domestic demand, build a strong domestic market, and provide strong support for advancing Chinese modernization through high-quality development.

大力实施扩大内需战略，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央基于我国经济运行规律和国内外环境变化，统筹当前和长远、国内和国际、发展和安全作出的科学研判和重大战略部署。我们要深入学习领会这一部署要求，坚定实施扩大内需战略，坚持内需主导，建设强大国内市场，为以高质量发展推进中国式现代化提供强有力的支撑。

I. Profoundly Understand the Significance of Expanding Domestic Demand

一、深刻领会扩大内需的重要意义

Expanding domestic demand relates to both economic stability and economic security; it is not an expedient measure, but a strategic move. During the "15th Five-Year Plan" period, comprehensively expanding domestic demand is of great significance for China to implement the new development philosophy, build a new development pattern, and promote high-quality development.

扩大内需既关系经济稳定，也关系经济安全，不是权宜之计，而是战略之举。“十五五”时期，全方位扩大内需对我国贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局、推动高质量发展具有重要意义。

Expanding domestic demand relates to China's long-term development and long-term stability. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that the economies of major countries are characterized by being dominated by domestic demand and having internal circulation; fully tapping into the potential of domestic demand is conducive to mitigating the impact of external shocks and declining external demand, and is also conducive to ensuring the basically normal operation of China's economy and the overall stability of the overall social situation in extreme circumstances. At present, the global changes of a magnitude not seen in a century are accelerating, and the complexity, severity, and uncertainty of the external environment are significantly rising. The international economic and trade order is encountering severe challenges, the growth momentum of the world economy is insufficient, and geopolitical conflicts are prone to frequent occurrences. The World Trade Organization (WTO) predicts that the growth rate of global trade in goods in 2026 will be 0.5%, significantly lower than the historical average, which will increase the difficulty for the steady operation of China's economy. At the same time, the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating breakthroughs, and the competition among countries to seize the commanding heights of technology and future development is becoming more prominent. For example, in frontier fields such as artificial intelligence, the United States and the European Union have successively launched the "Stargate" and "AI Innovation Package" plans, significantly increasing investment, making the game between major powers more complex and intense. Facing such a development environment, China must firmly implement the strategy of expanding domestic demand, hedge against the uncertainty of external demand with the stable development of domestic demand, and continuously enhance China's viability, competitiveness, development power, and sustainability.

扩大内需关系我国长远发展和长治久安。习近平总书记指出，大国经济的特征都是内需为主导、内部可循环；充分挖掘内需潜力，有利于化解外部冲击和外需下降带来的影响，也有利于在极端情况下保证我国经济基本正常运行和社会大局总体稳定。当前，世界百年变局加速演进，外部环境的复杂性、严峻性、不确定性明显上升，国际经济贸易秩序遇到严峻挑战，世界经济增长动能不足，地缘冲突易发多发，世界贸易组织（WTO）预测2026年全球货物贸易量增速为0.5%，大幅低于历史平均水平，这将加大我国经济平稳运行的难度。同时，新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速突破，各国抢占科技和未来发展制高点的竞争更趋凸显，比如在人工智能等前沿领域，美国、欧盟先后推出“星际之门”和“投资人工智能倡议”计划，大幅增加投入，大国博弈更加复杂激烈。面对这样的发展环境，我国必须坚定实施扩大内需战略，以内需的稳定发展对冲外需的不确定性，不断增强我国的生存力、竞争力、发展力、持续力。

Expanding domestic demand is an important path to resolving the principal contradiction in Chinese society. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that the principal contradiction in Chinese society has evolved into the contradiction between the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development; we must better satisfy the people's ever-growing needs in economic, political, cultural, social, ecological, and other aspects, and better promote the well-rounded development of the person and comprehensive social progress. With economic development and the increase in per capita income levels, the consumption of Chinese residents has shifted from survival-type to development-type, and expanded from commodity consumption to service consumption. In 2024, the proportion of service consumption expenditure in per capita consumption expenditure of residents increased to 46.1%, and how to better satisfy demand upgrades has become an important topic of the times. At the same time, China still has quite a few shortcomings and weaknesses in development, and the resilience of industrial and supply chains needs to be strengthened; there is still a large shortage in the supply of public services such as elderly care, childcare, and healthcare. By the end of 2024, the number of nursing-type beds in registered elderly care institutions in China was about 3.34 million, which still represents a large gap compared to the number of disabled and semi-disabled elderly people. The number of childcare spots for infants and toddlers under 3 years old per 1,000 population is only 4.08, and the enrollment rate has a large gap compared to the average level of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Regional development between urban and rural areas remains unbalanced; in 2024, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 2.34 times that of rural residents, and the absolute gap remains large; there is still significant room for improvement in the quality of the ecological environment. To solve these problems well, we must focus on expanding domestic demand, continuously improve the quality of people's lives by meeting the constantly upgrading consumption needs of residents; and promote industrial upgrading, urban-rural integration, regional coordination, and the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature by expanding effective investment to shore up weak spots and strengthen weaknesses.

扩大内需是解决我国社会主要矛盾的重要路径。习近平总书记指出，我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾；要更好满足人民在经济、政治、文化、社会、生态等方面日益增长的需要，更好推动人的全面发展、社会全面进步。随着经济发展和人均收入水平的提升，我国居民消费已由生存型向发展型转变、由商品消费向服务消费拓展，2024年服务性消费支出占居民人均消费支出的比重提高到46.1%，如何更好满足需求升级成为重要时代课题。与此同时，我国发展的短板弱项仍有不少，产业链供应链韧性也有待增强；养老、育幼、医疗等公共服务供给还有较大不足，截至2024年底，我国注册登记的养老机构护理型床位数约334万张，与失能和半失能老年人数量相比仍有较大缺口，每千人口拥有3岁以下婴幼儿托位数仅4.08个，入托率和经济合作与发展组织（OECD）国家平均水平相比有较大差距；城乡间区域间发展仍不平衡，2024年城镇居民人均可支配收入是农村居民的2.34倍，绝对差距仍然较大；生态环境质量仍有较大提升空间。要解决好这些问题，必须着力扩大内需，通过满足居民不断升级的消费需求，持续提高人民生活品质；通过扩大有效益的投资补短板、强弱项，促进产业升级、城乡融合、区域协调、人与自然和谐共生。

Expanding domestic demand is the key leverage point for strengthening the domestic circulation. Accelerating the cultivation of a complete domestic demand system is an important foundation for smoothing the national economic cycle and enhancing the main position of the domestic circulation. China's economic volume has firmly ranked second in the world, possessing a super-large-scale market with the most potential globally. The economies of major countries are all dominated by domestic demand, and a strong domestic market is also where the advantage of a major country's economy lies. Insufficient domestic demand will lead to an imbalance between supply and demand, causing stuck points and blockages in economic operation; while with the continuous release of domestic demand potential and the benign interaction between supply and demand to achieve dynamic balance, the overall efficiency and quality of the economic cycle dominated by the domestic market will continuously improve. At the same time, expanding domestic demand can also better connect the domestic market and the international market, attracting global resource elements with the domestic circulation, which is conducive to building a new development pattern with the domestic circulation as the mainstay and the domestic and international circulations promoting each other. Therefore, we must firmly implement the strategy of expanding domestic demand, promote the formation of more economic development models led by domestic demand, driven by consumption, and featuring endogenous growth, and continuously improve the quality of the economic cycle and operational efficiency.

扩大内需是做强国内大循环的关键着力点。加快培育完整内需体系，是畅通国民经济循环、增强国内大循环主体地位的重要基础。我国经济体量已稳居世界第二位，拥有全球最具潜力的超大规模市场。大国经济都是内需为主导，强大国内市场也是大国经济优势所在。内需不足会导致供求失衡，使经济运行出现卡点堵点；而随着内需潜力的不断释放，供求良性互动、实现动态平衡，国内市场主导的经济循环整体效率和质量就会不断提升。同时，扩大内需也能使国内市场和国际市场更好联通，以国内大循环吸引全球资源要素，有利于构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局。因此，必须坚定实施扩大内需战略，促进形成更多由内需主导、消费拉动、内生增长的经济发展模式，不断提高经济循环质量和运行效率。

Expanding domestic demand is a major measure to stimulate the endogenous power of the market. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that high-quality development should achieve returns on investment, profits for enterprises, income for employees, and tax revenue for the government. To achieve this, the premise is that the dividends of the super-large-scale market are fully released, the vitality of market entities is effectively stimulated, and the connection between supply and demand is smoother. Demand and supply are the two ends of the economic cycle; demand leads changes in the supply system and structure, and supply transformation constantly generates new demand. Implementing the strategy of expanding domestic demand can not only solve the problem of insufficient aggregate demand in current economic operations but also digest supply and promote supply innovation, providing momentum and direction for exerting the advantages of strong production capacity. Deepening supply-side structural reform can not only better meet constantly upgrading demand but also lead to the creation of new demand, promoting the full play of the advantages of the super-large-scale market. In the coming period, it is necessary to coordinate expanding domestic demand and deepening supply-side structural reform well, promote the formation of a higher-level dynamic balance where demand drives supply and supply creates demand, and accelerate the realization of a benign cycle of the national economy.

扩大内需是激发市场内生动力的重大举措。习近平总书记指出，高质量发展应该实现投资有回报、企业有利润、员工有收入、政府有税收。要做到这一点，前提就是超大规模市场红利充分释放、经营主体活力有效激发、供需衔接更加畅通。需求和供给是经济循环的两端，需求引领供给体系和结构的变化，供给变革又不断催生新的需求。实施扩大内需战略，既能解决当前经济运行中总需求不足的问题，同时也能消化供给、促进供给创新，为发挥强大生产能力优势提供动力和方向。深化供给侧结构性改革，既能更好满足不断升级的需求，同时又引领创造出新的需求，促进超大规模市场优势的充分发挥。今后一个时期，需要统筹好扩大内需和深化供给侧结构性改革，推动形成需求牵引供给、供给创造需求的更高水平动态平衡，加快实现国民经济良性循环。

Expanding domestic demand is an important part of further deepening reform comprehensively. A complete domestic demand system is a comprehensive system covering all fields and multiple levels composed of various domestic demands. It includes not only the demand system including consumption and investment but also the supply system adapted to domestic demand, as well as the market system that optimizes the allocation of various resources and promotes the flow of commodities and factors, covering all links of production, distribution, circulation, and consumption. The expansion of domestic demand we emphasize is not just expanding government public expenditure; effective institutional arrangements must be made in rationally guiding consumption, savings, investment, etc. To cultivate a complete domestic demand system and smooth the domestic circulation, we must adhere to problem orientation, make full and good use of reform as the key move, break through stubborn ailments in systems and mechanisms through institutional innovation, and dig deep into the potential of domestic demand. We must improve institutional arrangements for promoting consumption, especially resident consumption, vigorously promote the reform of the investment and financing system, accelerate the construction of a unified national market, improve the basic institutions of the market economy, and stimulate the endogenous power and vitality of the domestic market.

扩大内需是进一步全面深化改革的重要内容。完整内需体系是由国内各类需求构成的全领域、多层次的综合体系，既包括消费、投资在内的需求体系，也涉及适配国内需求的供给体系，还包括优化各类资源配置和促进商品、要素流动的市场体系，涵盖生产、分配、流通、消费各个环节。我们强调的扩大内需，并不只是扩大政府公共支出，必须在合理引导消费、储蓄、投资等方面进行有效制度安排。培育完整内需体系、畅通国内大循环，必须坚持问题导向，用足用好改革这个关键一招，通过制度创新破除体制机制中的顽瘴痼疾，深挖国内需求潜力。要完善促进消费特别是居民消费的制度安排，大力推进投融资体制改革，加快构建全国统一大市场，完善市场经济基础制度，激发国内市场的内生动力和活力。

II. Accurately Grasp the New Situation and New Requirements Facing the Expansion of Domestic Demand